返回列表 发帖

定语从句

‎1. 定语从句  
‎  定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
‎  关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。
‎  关系副词有: when, where, why等。
‎1.1 关系代词引导的定语从句  
‎  关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
‎1)who, whom, that
‎  这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:  
‎  Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
‎  He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)

‎2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换), 例如:
‎  They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.  那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
‎  Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。

‎3)which, that  
‎  它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:
‎  A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which ‎‎/ that在句中作宾语)
‎  The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)‎
‎1.2 关系副词引导的定语从句  
‎  关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
‎1)when, where, why
‎  关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用,例如:
‎  There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
‎  Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
‎  Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?

‎2)that代替关系副词
‎  that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,例如:
‎  His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
‎  He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方
‎1.3 判断关系代词与关系副词  
‎  方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:
‎  This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
‎  I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.

‎  判断改错(注:先显示题,再显示答案,横线;用不同的颜色表示出。)
‎  (错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
‎  (错) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.  
‎  (对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
‎  (对) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.

‎  习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。

‎  方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
‎  A. where B. that  C. on which  D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
‎  A. where  B. that  C. on which  D. the one
答案:例1 D,例2 A

例1变为肯定句: This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句: This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.  
‎  在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,‎又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。  
‎  而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因 in the museum 词组,可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on 用的不对,所以选A。
‎  关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, ‎which, whose); 先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语) 。‎
‎1.4 限制性和非限制性定语从句  
‎1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,例如:
‎   This is the house which we bought last month.   这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)
‎   The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
‎2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如:
‎   Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理•史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。  
‎   My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
‎   This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。

‎3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如:
‎   He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。
‎   Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。

说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。‎
‎1.5 介词+关系词  
‎1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。
‎2)that前不能有介词。
‎3) 某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。
‎  This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
‎  This is the house where I lived two years ago.
‎  Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
‎  Do you remember the day when you joined our club?‎
‎1.6 as, which 非限定性定语从句  
‎  由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。  
‎  As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
‎  The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.    

典型例题 
‎1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it  B. that  C. which  D. he
‎  答案C. 此为非限定性从句,不能用 that修饰,而用which.,it 和he 都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。

‎2)The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.  
A. what B. which C. that D. it
‎  答案B。which可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句,而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句,it不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。

‎3)It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which  C. as  D. it
‎ 答案B.  
‎  as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:
‎ (1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而 which不可。
‎ (2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
‎  在本题中,prevent由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为B。

As 的用法
例1. the same… as;such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
‎   I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非限制性从句,常带有'正如'。
‎  As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
‎  As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.  
‎ As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语;例2中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词know要用被动式。‎
‎1.7 先行词和关系词二合一  
‎ 1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
‎   (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
‎ 2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.  
‎  (what 可以用all that代替)‎
‎1.8 what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever  
‎1)what = the thing which;whatever = anything
‎   What you want has been sent here.
‎   Whatever you want makes no difference to me.  
‎2) who= the person that  whoever= anyone who
‎   (错)Who breaks the law will be punished.
‎   (错)Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
‎   (对)Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
‎   (对)Who robbed the bank is not clear.
‎3) that 和 what   
‎  当that引导定语从句时 ,通常用作关系代词,而引导名词性从句时,是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从 句, 用作连接代词,作从句的具体成分,且不能省略。
‎  I think (that) you will like the stamps.
‎  What we need is more practice.‎
‎1.9 关系代词that 的用法  
‎1)不用that的情况
‎  a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
‎    (错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
‎  b) 介词后不能用。
‎     We depend on the land from which we get our food.
‎     We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.

‎2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
‎  a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。
‎  b) 在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。
‎  c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。   
‎  d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。.
‎  e) 先行词既有人,又有物时。

举例:
‎  All that is needed is a supply of oil.  
‎  所需的只是供油问题。
‎  Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 
‎  那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。‎
Yesterday is dead,forget it; Tomorrow doesn't exist,don't worry; Today is here,use it.

这个还有点看得懂

TOP

不错,支持一下

仁爱、喜乐、和平、忍耐、恩慈、良善、信实、温柔、节制。

TOP

返回列表